Day la dau de

LICH SU VA DANH THANG

BAN THANH
lA NO« - 1998

NIEN

LA DANG BAT

CO DO HOA LU*
LICH Sir VA DANH THANG

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Dl NINH BINH

1. D^n tho vua Dinh TiSn Hoang
2. Din tho vua L6 Oai Hanh
3. Ma Y&n Son
4. Chua NhSt Tru
5. Din tho cdng chua PhSt Kim
6. Dong Am Tl&n
7. Xuy§n Thuy Dong
8. Dong Hoa Son
9. Dong Thi§n T6n

Vi tri cac danh thang trong khu viic
Co do Hoa Lu"

L d i GICll THIEU
Do dieu kien dia li va Ijch sCi. Ninh Binh c6 nhieu danh
t h d n g vd di tich ndi tieng c u a d d t nUdc, trong d o so mpt
Id Co d o Hoa LU.
GiQa mot vung non nUdc hQu tinh. tgi xd TrUdng Yen,
h u y e n Hoa LU, e a c h d d y tren mot ngdn n d m , sou khi d e p
xong logn 12 sQ q u d n , thong nhdt sdn h d , thu phuc giang
sdn ve mot moi, Dinh Bo LTnh d d len ngoi Hodng d e , goi Id
Dinh Tien Hodng, d d t ten nUdc Id Dgi Co Viet vd xdy diJng
kinh d o tgi TrUdng Yen. Cdi ten Hoa LU ghi Igi dd'u d'n luc
thie'u thdi Dinh Bp LTnh c u n g c d c b g n ehdn trdu d u n g hoa
lau Idm c d t d p trdn. Hoa LU d d trd thdnh kinh do d a u tien
c u a nUdc Etai Co Viet - nhd nUdc phong kien t d p q u y e n
Viet Nam thd'ng nhd't d d u tien. Id kinh do c u a hai trieu
d g i Dinh vd Tien Le. Til d d y , ndmlOlO Li Cdng Udn ddi d d
ra Thdng Long. Tren nen c u n g dien c u d y , nhdn d d n ta d d
xdy hai ngdi d e n thd Dinh Tien Hodng vd Le Dgi Hdnh vdi
nhCfng net kien true d d c sdc n d m gida mot vung non
nUdc nen t h d vd mot g u d n the danh thdng, di tich ki
t h u , trd thdnh mot trung t d m d u lich ndi tie'ng, thu hut
d u khdch trong nUdc vd q u d c te de'n t h d m vieng.
N g d y nay d e n Co d d Hoa LU, q u d khQ vd hi^n tgi,
Ijch sC( vd c d n h q u a n , thien nhien vd con ngUdi hda q u y e n
nhau nhd dUa ta ve cgi nguon ngdn n d m bdt khud't c u a
d d n toe d e tim hieu, d e khdm p h d , de tin tUdng d khi
p h d c h , tdi tri, Idng y e u nUde, tinh thdn tU h d o , tU tdn d d n
t o o , y thUe d o c Idp, iU c h u , tU lUe, tU cUdng, truyen thd'ng
vdn hien vd y chi thdng nhdt d d t nddc c u a nhdn d d n ta.
C u n g vdi nhdng di tich hien hien tren mdt d d t , g d n d d y
n g d n h Khdo c o d d p h d t hien vd khai q u d t dUdi t d n g
d d t giCfa hai d e n t h d vua Dinh vd vua Le nen c u n g dien
c d c h d d y tren 1000 n d m vdi nhdng hien vdt quy gid, minh
c h d n g c h o nhdng c d n g trinh kien true c u a C d d d Hoa LU
vd trinh d o phdt trien ve kien true, nghe thugt, kinh te, vdn
h d a , xd hdi c u a d d n t d c ta thdi b d y gid.

Vdi mdt khdi lUdng d d so, phong p h u , nhieu t d n g ,
nhieu Idp, c d be rdng vd chieu sdu, ve khdng gian, ve
thdi gian c u a khu vUc Co d d Hoa Ld vd c d c di tich, d a n h
t h d n g g d n lien vdi C d d d , d u khdch de'n t h d m d u c d d
mot vdi n g d y vd d u c d d u g c h d d n g d d n , gidi thieu c d n ke
c u n g khdng the n d o tim hieu thd'u d d o dUgc, h u d n g ho
c h i d e n mot hai budi. Qe giup c h o viec tim hieu, nghien
c d u , c h o d e n n a y d d c d nhieu t d c p h d m vdn t h d , khdo
cQu. sdu t d m . sdn khd'u ve C d d d Hoa LU. Dung v d o dip
trien khai Nghj q u y e t TW 5 ve "Xay dUng vd phdt trien nen
vdn hoa Viet Nam tien tien, ddm dd bdn sdc ddn toe",
anh Ld E)dng Bdt, nhd gido, d d n g t d c gid c u d n sdch
"TrUdng Hdn Sieu - Nhd vdn Idn thdi Trdn, Danh n h d n vdn
Hg
h d a d d n t o e " , t d c g i d c u d ' n " V e v d i "Vjnh
Long cgn"",...vd nhidu bdi nghien c d u , sUu t d m , gidi thieu
c d c di tich, d a n h t h d n g d Ninh Binh tren c d c s d c h , b d o ,
d d dUa cho tdi xem t d p b d n t h d o " C d d d Hoa LU", gidi
thieu ve C d d d Hoa LU vd c d c di tich, d a n h t h d n g g d n
lien vdi C d d d , vUa e d tfnh he t h d n g , vUa ed n h d n g p h d t
hien mdi tU c d c n g u d n tU lieu tin e d y vd ket q u d q u a n sdt
trL/c tiep.
Qua c u d n sdch n d y , c d the giup ngUdi d o e hieu biet
d d y d u hdn, sdu hdn ve mot v u n g d d t Ijch sCf, v d n hien
g d n lien vdi nhUng nhdn vdt Ijch si!( d d c d c d n g lao trong
q u d trinh dUng nUdc vd giQ nUde, d e t d d d g d p p h d n
n d n g c o o vd p h d t huy hdn nda Idng y e u nUde, tinh thdn
ttJ h d o d d n toe, tiep bUdc cha d n g , xdy dUng vd phdt trien
nen vdn hda Viet Nam tien tien, d d m d d b d n sdc d d n
t o e , xdy dUng vd b d o ve To q u d c , vl m u c tieu d d n gidu
nUdc m g n h , xd hpi c d n g b d n g vd vdn minh.
Vdi c d m nhdn d'y, xin e h d n thdnh c d m dn t d c g i d ,
Nhd xud't bdn Thanh nien vd gidi thieu c u n g b g n d o e .
•/UD -Ov n.

-• •

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Ninh Binh. ngay 25-9-1998
N G U Y I N THANH TUC

Phd Bf thUTfnh dy
Chu fich HDND thh Ninh Binh

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CO DO HOA LU

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Cd D6 Hoa hd la kinb do d&u tien trong n§n van
minb Dai Vi&t cua d^n t5c, nen phong kien tap quyen d
nifdc ta.
,,
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•. V
N6'u du kbacb mudn tbam Cd Do Hoa hd, tuf Ha Noi
xuoi pbia Nam tbeo ducrng qudc lo lA hdn 90km, de'n
C§u Huyen thuoc xa Ninh MI re phai vao diTcfng Tien
Yet, di khoang 5km v& phia Tay la de'n. Do la mot di6n
tich trai rong khoang 300ha bao trum len xa Trufcfng
Yen, huy&n Hoa Lu, tinh Ninh Binh.
Trung tam Co Do Hoa Lu la khu vUc HAI NGOI DEN
T H d VUA DINH TIEN H O A N G VA VUA LE DAI
HANH thu6c xa TrUcmg Yen.
Nam 968, Dinh B6 Linh len ngoi Hoang de, gpi la
Dinh Tien Hoang, dat ten nUdc la Dai Co Viet.
Dinh Tien Hoang chon Hoa h\i (xa Tn.fcrng Yen,
huyen Hoa Ltr ngay nay) la viing nui non ki thu nhiftig
bi6m trd de lam tbtj do — "Kinh Do Da".
Sach "Dai Viet stjf Ivfdc" (khuyet danh thcJi Trin) co
ghi: "Den ndm thU nhdt nien hieu Khai Ban (968) ddi
vua Trieu Id Tdng Thdi To, Vucfng xung Hodng de d

LA DANG BAT

dgng Hoa Lu (1). Roi dung cung dien, che trieu nghi,
sdp dot trdm quan, lap xd tdc vd ton hieu Id Dgi Thdng
Minh Hodng de" (2)
Nha stjf hoc Le Van HuM (1230 — 1322), trong cudn
"Dai Viet siif ki", khi ban ve Dinh Tien Hoang co viet:
"Tien Hodng vdi tax nang sdng sudt hcfn ngUdi, ddng
lugc bgc nhdt thien ha, ddm ducfng luc nudc Viet ta
khong cd chu, cdc hiing trudng cdt cU khdp ncfi, mot ldn
cd sU, mUdi hai sii qudn deu than phuc het. The roi md
nudc, dung do, doi nien hieu, xung Hodng de, dot tram
quan, lap sdu qudn, che dp gdn du" (3)
Nguyin Trai (1380 — 1442) la b^c dai thi hao dau
tien cua dan toe, trong cudn "Dia dd chi" cung ghi:
"Dinh (Dinh Bp Linh) gpi nudc Id Dgi Co Viet, dong
do d Hoa Lu... Hoa Lu xUa Id Dgi Hodng, bdy gid Id phu
Trudng Yen" (4)
Tai day, ong cho xay cung dien, dat trieu nghi, dap
thanh, dao bao, dUa vao the nui xay dutig mot c6ng trinh
(D'Dpng khbng co nghia la hang dong, ma la tfen di gpi m6t khu vuc
cu tru cua dong bao mten nui. Thdi Dinh Bp Linh chac Hoa Lu la
khu VUc cu tni ciia dong bao Mudng, va lai khi % cung chua co su
phan hoa ro ret giUa ngucri Mudng vdi ngudi Kinh nhu tir th&' ky XIV
trd di (theo Dinh Gia Khanh trong cud'n "Truy&n hay nudc Vi&t" —
NXB Thong tin — Ha Noi — 1988.
(2) "Dai Vi&t su lupc" — NXB Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh — 1993 —
Trang 90.
(3) "Van tha Li - TrSn" — Tap 2 — Quyin thudng — NXB KHXH —
Ha Ndi — 1988 — Trang 361.
(4) "Nguyin Trai toan tap" (in Ian thd 2) — NXB KHXH — Ha Ndi
— 1976 — Trang 216.
.
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CO DO HOA LU"

phong ngU kien cd nhU mot phao dai hiem, biet lap vdi
ben ngoai.
Kinb do Hoa Lu nam gon trong dia phan xa Tnfcmg
Yen ngay nay, dUcfc bao quanh bdi bang loat nui da vong
cung, canh quan hiing vl. Khoang trdng giu'a cac su'cfn
nui dxiOc xay kin bang da't ken gach, chan thanh co gach
bo, dap kha cao tOf 8 de'n 10 met — co doan phia trong
xay gach, phia ngoai dap dat, co doan dap da lan dat va
CO doan dap toan bang dat. Do la nhiJng doan tifdng
thanh nhan tao. Hien nay dau vet cua mtfcri tuyen ttfcfng
thanh vin con. Dinh Tien Hoang da rat chu y den yeu td
"Thanh" de bao ve kinh 46. Phia Bac thanh nam ben
s5ng Hoang Long cho nen dUcfng giao thong thuy rat
thuan tien. Day la trung tam chinh tri, kinh te', van boa
va la mot quan thanh vilng chac.
"Dai Nam nha't thdng chi" co vi§'t:

'

'

' '

'

"Do cd nhd Dinh, nhd Le d xd TrUdng Yen Thuang
vd Trudng Yen Hg.... cd Npi Thdnh vd Ngogi Thdnh".
Ngoai hai khu thanh do, con co thanh Nam (thanh d
phia Nam tu" hang Ludn trd vao trong, nkm ddi dien va
ndi lien vdi khu Thanh Ngoai). 0 day, xung quanh co
nui cao bao hoc, an ngu" phi'a Nam kinh thanh, bao ve
mat sau - td day, bang duTcftig thiiy co the nhanh chong
nit ra ngoai. Thanh Ngoai rong khoang 140 ha thuoc dia
phan th6n Yen Thu'dng va thon Yen Thanh, xa TrvTcfng
Yen. Day la cung dien chinh, ma khu vu'c Jen Dinh, den
Le la trung diem, la ncfi Dinh Tien Hoang cam ccf nu'dc.

LA DANG BAT

Trudrc cung dien cd NUI MA YEN, T U O N G TRUYEN,
VUA DINH TIEN HOANG LAY NUI NAY LAM AN. d
thon Yen Thanh co nhieu chua va den, hien nay vin
con, la mot phan kien tnic trong khu cung dien chinh.
Do la CHUA NHAT TRU, Du'de XAY TU" Ddi VUA LE
DAI HANH. TRUdC CT^A CHUA CO COT KINH
BANG DA HINH TAM CANH, K H A C BAI KINH
L A N G NGHIEM. Cach chua Nha't Tru mot doan la DEN
PHAT KIM (thcf cong chiia Pha't Kim — con gai ciia vua
Dinh Tien Hoang).
Lui ve phia Tay Bac co chua Dia nam trong mot dong
nho cf liftig c h i ^ g nui Dia. NgUcfi xtfa da lay dong lam
chua, trong dong bay nhfeu tifcfng Phat tren cac be xky.
Dong cao so vdi chan niii khoang 30 met. Mudn len chua
phai men theo sUcfn mii biidc len gian 60 bac da. Cac
vach dong co nhfeu nhii da chay dai vdi cac hinh hai
dep. Xung quanh "CbCia", tren cac vach niii nhieu cky si
ldn cung cac cay dai thu vUcfn canh bao phu mot mau
xanh. Re cac cay si tha xudng nhif nhu'ng "bo rau" ciia
thdi gian tren da lam cho chua cang them co kinh, trang
nghiem. Hien nay "ngoi chua da" do vin con.
Phia Bac kinh do Hoa h\X, gan sdng Hoang Long (cf vi
tri ^ n cdng de Tru'dng Yen - each den thcf vua Le Dai
Hanh khoang 2 km) la chua Thap (bien nay khdng con),
CO thap Bao Thien.
Cling ^ n song Hoang Long, each chiia Thap ve phia
Dong 200 met la chua Ba Ngo, da difdc xay dung lai,
10

CO DO HOA LLT

hien con giu" dUdc mot bia da bdn mat (cao hcfn 1 met, be
ngang 0,5 met) deu cham khac chii" Han ghi cong diic
nhu'ng ngudi da cung tie'n xay dung chiia.
Chua Dia, chiia Thap, chiia Ba Ngo deu diTdc xay
dung tii thdi nha Dinh.
)-• •'.';
(Nam 1963, trong khi tri thuy song Hoang Long,
nhan dan da dao ducfc mot cot kinh Phat hinh bat giac,
cham khac chii Han, cf do co ghi: Dinh Lien da lam 100
toa kinh Phat de dang len chua).
Thanh Noi cf phia Tay Bac co dien tich tUdng dUcfng
vdi Thanh Ngoai, thuoc thon Chi Phong, xa TrUdng
Yen, CO ten la Thd Nhi Xa hay Khd Nhi Xa, la ncfi nuoi
tre em va lam kho. Goi Thanh Noi, Thanh Ngoai la goi
tCf phia trong ra phia ngoai, chu' khong phai chi cac
vong thanh phia trong hay phia ngoai. ciing khong mang
y nghia la khu thanh phu hay khu thanh chinh.
Thanh Noi va Thanh Ngoai la hai khu vUc each biet
nbUng cf sat canh nhau va co the qua lai dUcfc de dang
nhcf mot ngacb niii an thong goi la Quen Vong. 0 hai
khu CO cdng ldn x^y bang da, co hao sau, bac ngang qua
bao sau la nbiJng chiec cau ciing bang da. Do la cau
Dong, cau Ren... Cau Dong lam bang da phien (hien nay
lam thay bang xi mang cdt thep), bac ngang qua song
Sao Khe chay tiif sdng Hoang Long ve, nam cf phia Bac
niii Hd. Hien con hai chii" Han ldn: "Dong Kfeu" cham
khac ndi d vach da nui Ho. Cau each den thd vua Le Dai
Hanh ve hudng Bac khoang 600 met nkm d pbia Dong
11

LA DANG BAT

kinh do Hoa Ld, nen goi la cau Dong. Cau Ren ciing lam
bang da (hien nay lam thay bang xi mang cdt thep) bac
ngang qua song Sao Khe lui ve phia Bac each cau Dong
khoang 500 met.
Ben ngoai khu thanh co nhfeu tram gac bao ve. Kinh
thanh nam giiia nhiJng qua mii ldn bao hoc xung quanh,
mang nang tinh chat quan sii. Day la mot vi trf kin dao
thuan ldi cho viec phong thu, tie'n cong, mat khac lai xa
bien thiiy ai Bac — giac phddng Bac kho khan trong
viec tim bieu de mcf nhiing deft ta'n cong chdp nhoang.
Phia Dong Bac thanh eo niii Cot Ccf, xUa la ndi vua
Dinh cam cd nddc. Niii cao hdn 200 met, nhd mot cot cd
thien nhien khong 16, vl dai. Phia Dong Nam thanh cd
Ghenh Thap la mot mom mii thap nho ra sat sdng Sao
Khe (gan Xuyen Thiiy Dong). Mom niii nay, tddng
truyen la ndi vua Dinh, vua Le thu'dng difng de duyet
thiiy quan. SONG SAO KHE CHAY QUA HANG LUON
(XUYEN THUY DONG) L A Ndi CAC DdN VI THUY
QUAN CUA VUA DINH LUYEN TAP THl/dNG
XUYEN.
.;; .1 • .. .. n . , , •
^(pl -...iiioa m imA
Cling cf phia D6ng Nam khu Thanh Ngoai con co
DONG AM TIEN 0 LU>JG C H L T N G NUI LA Ndi VUA
DINH NUdi NHOT H 6 BAO DE TRLTNG TRI N H I T N G
KE CO TOI. Dddi chan niii Dia nam ve phia Bac khu
Thanh Ngoai co mot ao ldn, ten la Ao Giai. Tddng
truyen, Ao Giai la ndi vua Dinh nuoi giai de nem nhiing
ke CO toi xudng ao eho giai an thit. Ngoai ra con cd hang
12

CO DO HOA LU

Mudi la kho tich mudi, hang Tien la kho tni" tien, va mdt
thung lung kha r6ng d phia trong hang Quan la ndi
qu^n si cua vua Dinh thddng den tap luyen, nen dan dia
phddng goi la "Dau dong quto". Tat ca niii song va khu
vdc thanh cd nhip nhd do thien tao va nhan tao da hinh
thanh m6t qu^n the kien tnic trang nghiem, dd sd,
khoang dat ma khong mdt kinh do cd nao cd dddc.
Vua Dinh Tien Hoang da rit quan tam den viec x^y
dufng kinh thanh Hoa Ld.
Song song vdi vi&c dd vua Dinh Tien Hoang cdn td
chiie bd may Nha nddc tddng ddi hoan chinh, djnh
pham ham cho cac quan van, vd; phong Nguyen Bac lam
Dinh qudc cdng, giii" chdc Thai Te (ddng sau vua); phong
Dinh Dien gid chiic Ngoai Giap (trong coi ngoai kinh
thanh), phong Le Hoan, gid chdc Thap Dao tddng
quan... Ngoai ra, vua Dinh Tien Hoang cdn td chdc qimn
ddi ra't chat che, chia lam 10 dao, mdi dao cd 10 quan,
mdi quan cd 10 Id, mdi Id cd 10 tdt, mdi tdt cd 10 ngu.
Nhdng tdi nam 979, mdt tai hoa ldn da den vdi nha
Dinh: Dinh Tien Hoang va con trai ca Dinh Liin bi Dd
Thi:^b am hai. Dinh Tien Hoang cf ngdi dddc 12 nam
(968 — 979), tho 56 tudi. The la trong trfeu cd nhieu vu
xung dot xay ra. Trieu dinh phai dda ngddi con trai thii
ciia Dinh Tidn Hoang la Dinh Toan mdi 6 tuoi l§n lam
vua. Khi dd, trong nddc noi bd trieu dinh luc due, ngoai
nddc nha Tdng (Trung Qudc) thda dip tie'n hanh mdu dd
thdn tinh nddc Dai Cd Viet — Dit nddc dang ddng
13

LA DANG BAT

trddc hiem hoa bi giac ngoai xam de doa nghiem trong.
Trieu dinh cd vua nhu'ng vua Dinh Toan cdn it tudi,
chda du kha nang va uy tin de td chdc va lanh dao cuoc
khang chien. Vi sd nghiep bao ve dpc lap dan toe, Thai
hau Dddng Van Nga va mot sd quan lai cung ddng dao
quan si da suy t6n Le Hoan len lam vua td thang 7 nam
980. Le Hoan la mot ngddi ed uy tin trong trieu luc biy
gid dang giu' chdc Thap Dao Tddng Quan (Tdng chi buy
quan dpi). Td dd cham ddt vai trd nha Dinh trong lich
sd dan tdc. Nhd vay nha Dinh chi d ngdi dddc 13 nam
(968 — 980).
Ll trao ngoi vua da diin ra tai kinh dd Hoa Ld. Le
Hoan len ngdi vua nam 980, lap nen mot trieu dai mdi,
trieu Tien Le, vin lly Hoa Ld lam kinh dd. Mdt nhiem
vu lich sii trpng dai dat ra trddc dan toe va trieu dinh
lue biy gid la phai ga'p rut td chdc cudc khang chien
chdng quan xam Iddc Tdng.
Dau nam 981, quan Tdng theo hai dddng thiiy, bd ao
at den xam Idde nddc ta dinh tie'n vao vay bam kinh dd
Hoa Ld. Le Hoan trdc tiep td chdc va lanh dao cudc
khang chien. Cudc khang chien chdng quan xam Iddc
Tdng da gianh dddc thing ldi rdc rd. Lich sd dan tdc lai
ghi them mdt ehie'n cdng mdi lam ve vang cho non sdng
dit nddc va kinh dd Hoa Ld. Sau khi chien thing quan
xam Iddc Tdng, Le Hoan tim each lap lai quan he bang
giao vdi nha Tdng. Cac sd than cua nha Td'ng de'n kinh
dd Hoa Ld, chdng kien canh nui sdng iiung vl, thay con
14

CO DO HOA LLT

ngddi Dai Cd Viet thdng minh, cd sdc manh ldn lao, da
phai than phue va kinh nl' nddc Dai Cd Viet. Nhdng
cudc bang giao ciia eac sd than nha Td'ng vdi nha Tien
Le cf kinh dd Hoa Ld khi dd, ghi nhan mdt quan he ngoai
giao qudc td ban diu, mdt chinh sach ddi ngoai kien
quyet nhdng mem deo, khdn kheo de gid gin hda binh
cho dan tdc.
Dit nddc lai binh yen, Le Hoan cho xay them nhi&u
cung dien long lly, gdp phan lam cho kinb dd Hoa Ld
ngay cang hoan chinh, trong dd ed nhdng cung di&n xay
cdt dat vang, dat bac, mai Idp bang ngoi bac. Trong cud'n
"Dai Vi§t sii ki toan thd" ciia Ngd SI Lien, cd ghi: "Gidp
Than ndm thit 5 (984): Dung nhieu cung dien; ldm dien
Bach Bdo Thien Tue d niii Dgi Vdn, cot dien ddt vdng
bac, ldm ncfi coi chdu; ben Dong Id dien Phong Luu, ben
Tdy Id dien Td Hoa; ben td Id dien Bong Lai, ben hitu Id
dien Cue Lac; roi ldm lau Dgi Vdn, roi lgi dung dien
Trudng Xudn ldm nai vua ngd, ben/cgnh dien TrUdng
Xudn dung dien Long Lpc lap bang ngdi bgc" (1). Day la
tam cdng trinh dddc xay ddng td nam 984. Mdt cdng
trinh thd chin xuit hi§n nda la dien Can Nguyen: "Ndm
Nhdn Thin (992) Id ndm thU 3 nien hieu Hung Thdng,
mUa xudn vua ngU d ldu Cdn Nguyen de xem den" (2).
Nui Dai Van nam d ngay phia sau khu "den Dinh va d&n
(1) (2) — "Dai Vi&t su lutfc" — NXB Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh — 1993
— Trang 100, 101.

IS

LA DANG BAT

Le hien nay, cdn gpi la ndi Long Trieu (Dai nam nhit
thdng chi), dan dia phddng gpi la nui Phi Van da xay
ddng dien Bach Bao Thien Tue. Dieu dd chdng td kinh
dd Hoa Ld ed quy md be the, dep de, uy nghi, trang
hoang long lly, hda nhap vdi thien nhien hung vl (1)
Nam 1005, vua Le Dai Hanh qua ddi tai dien Trddng
Xuan, d ngdi 25 nam (980 — 1005), thp 64 tudi. Con thd
ba eiia vua Le Dai Hanh la Le Trung Tdng len lam vua
dddc 3 ngay. Le Long Dinh (Le Ngpa Trieu) la eon thd 5
cua vua Le Dai Hanh va la em trai eung me ciia vua Le
Trung Tdng, da eddp ngdi, giet vua Le Trung Tdng len
ngdi nam 1006. Nam 1009 vua Le Ngpa Trieu mit. Nhd
vay nha Tien Le cf ngdi dddc 29 nam (980 — 1009). Hien
nay, du khach den day khdng cdn nhin thay nhu'ng cung
(1) N a m 1978, Ti Van hoa T h d n g tin Ha N a m N i n h khao sat tai khu
vuc T r u d n g Yen, huyen Hoa Lu, phat hien thay chan m d n g bang da
xep vudng v i n n h u d ban cd d dp sau 0,6 met, mot hen n h a lat bang
gach " G i a n g Tay q u a n " da bi vd, mot idp tro t h a n day 20 - 30 cm d
dp sau 0,90 met, mot m a n g hen gach hoa sen kich thudc 34 x 34 x
7 cm. Cling vdi mot sd m a n h ngdi dng d dp sau 0,95 met, mdt sd go
lat m u c day 10 - 20 cm va n h u i i g m a n h gach ngoi ken day 40 cm c6
da'u vet t u d n g gach. Id n u n g gdm va dau vet kien t r u e bi dd n a t rdng
t r a m met vudng. Trudc dd cac n h a khao cd hpe da dao dUdc nhieu
m a n h bat dia, xuong voi. xUdng ngua va cot kinh P h a t , tren cd khac
ddng c h u "De t u T i n h hai quan. Tiet dp su. N a m Viet Vuang Dinh
Qudc Lien k i n h tao bao t r a n g nha't bach tda thdi Quy Dau t u e " d
gan sdng H o a n g Long. Tai xa T r u d n g Yen dao dUdc hai loai gach,
t r e n m a t co ddng chU "Dai Viet qudc quan t h a n h chuyen" va "Giang
Tay q u a n " (loai gach do quaii si Giang Tay thdi Dudng d d n g p nUdc
ta san xua't ra). O khu \-uc ddng T h i e n Tdn thudc xa N i n h Ml cung
dao dupc hai loai gach do.
^
,
.
16

CO DO HOA

LLT

dien nguy hga. nhdng tddng thanh vung ehlc, nhdng se
chdng kien day du nhdng ngpn nui, bang ddng, ddng
sdng va ao ngdi, nhdng ten gpi dd da ed td xa xda, dd la
mdt phan edn lai ma khdng bao gid mat di dddc ciia kinh
dd Hoa

Ld.

'''

••'^•- •

•''-

''

'''

-

-*'"••'•'

Tham quan d&n Dinh, Le xong, du khach trd ve con
dddng bp da vao, nam ve phia Ddng Thanh Ngoai la
dddng Tie'n Yet. Day la con dddng bd chinh vao kinh dd
Hoa Ld, cdn gpi la "Dddng Ciifa Ddng". (Hien cdn t i m
bia Cda Ddng ghi: "Dudng Cua Dong Trdng An Id mot
Idi di rong ldn, mot thang cdnh d ddt Gia Vien (Hoa Lu). ^
TU khi Dinh Tien Hodng dung nUdc dinh do... d phia o
Dong do thdnh, Nien Thdn The gpi Id Dudng Cua Dong. \
Bdy gid cdc quan vdn vo thudng noi theo dudng ndy lui
tdi trieu can..."). Dpc dddng Tie'n Yet nay, trddc day-m—V
ddng nhieu tram gac kien ed dl bao ve kinh thanh floa
Ld. Cach Thanh Ngoai v& phia Ddng khoang hdn llkig-; '
la thdn Ang Ngu — ndi ma cac quan td khip ndi tron§~ :
nddc v§ day, trddc khi vao kinh dd chau vua, ddng lai de-, '
chuin hi sang sda trieu y. d thdn Ang Ngu cd DClNG' r.
HOA SdN, TU'dNG TRUYEN L A Ndi NUOI, A b ' "P
CHUA. Cach thdn Arig Ngu hcfn 1 km la Quen Oi -"Ciik
ngd vao kinh do, trddc day rat eao, khd di. Cach Quen di
khoang 1 km la thdn Quan Vinh, cung la mdt tram gac
ldn. Cach thdn Quan Vinh hdn 1 km la DONG THIEN
2-CDHL

17

LA DANG BAT

TON T H d MOT VI THIEN THAN CAO N H A T : T R A N
VU THIEN TON. DONG N A M TRONG NUI DUNG
DLfdNG. Khi Dinh Bd Linh dem quan di danh dep cac
sd quan da sda ll vat vao ll tai ddng Thien Tdn eau
mong dddc than giup dd. Sau khi thu phuc dddc dit
nddc va len ngdi Hoang de',Dinh Tien Hoang da tu sda
Jen va ddng, ddng thdi cho xay ddng d day hai khu nha
Tfen Te va Kinh Thien Dai de khach thap phddng ve cd
chd nghi va cung le. Ben canh nui Dung Dddng cdn cd
hai nui da ldn nda la: Nddng Sdn va Tddng Sdn. Ba nui
ldn nay thudc xa Ninh Ml, huyen Hoa Ld nim gan hai
ben dddng Tie'n Yet nhd mdt cdng thanh thien nhien ki
vl an ngd con dddng chinh vao kinh dd Hoa Ld. Td kinh
dd Hoa Ld di ra, bang dddng bd cdn ed eon dddng
Thu'dng Dao ve phia Tay, cd the di vao Thanh Hda va
ngdde len phia Bac dl dang. Dddng thiiy cd sdng Hoang
Long d phia Bac chay ra sdng Day de td dd nhap vao he
thd'ng Nhi Ha, cd the ngdde len mien nui va xudi ra
bien. Chinh bing dddng thuy nay, td dit Trung Qudc
vao sdng Bach Ding, qua sdng Lupe, sdng Dao d Phu Li
(Ha Nam), theo sdng Day, cac sd gia nha Td'ng da de'n
kinh dd Hoa Ldyet kien vua Le Hoan vao nam 990.
Kinh dd Hoa Ld cdn tda ra mdt khdng gian rdng hdn
nda, thdn La Mai, xa Ninh Giang, huyen Hoa Ld, each
nui Dung Dddng khdng xa, xda la ndi vua Dinh dl kho
18

i.n-,

o

CO DO HOA LU"

mim, kho mudi. Dl bao ve kinh dd Hoa Ld ve mat dddng
thuy, vua Dinh Tien Hoang cdn cho xay ddn luy tren
NUI NON Nu'dc (NUI DUC THUY), COI NHU" MOT
TIEN DON KIEM S O A T CON Dl/dNG BO TLT TAM
DIEP, CON DUdNG BIEN THEO Cl/A DAI AC DI RA.
(1) Dfeu dd chdng td vua Dinh Tien Hoang rit quan tam
chu y xay ddng kinh thanh va cac phdng tuyen dl bao
ve vdng chac kinh dd eung la bao ve nddc Dai Cd Viet.
Nam 1010 Li Cdng Uin (Li Thai Td) len ngdi vua, lap
ra nha Li. Li Thai Td quyet dinh ddi dd td Hoa Ld de'n
thanh Dai La (Thang Long). Kinh dd Hoa Ld trcf thanh
Cd Dd Hoa Ld, mai mai gin lien vdi giai doan Ijch sd
thd'ng nha't, xay ddng dit nddc Dai Cd Viet ciia dan tdc.
Dl tddng niem cdng lao dat hen mdng xay ddng ddc lap
td chii ciia dat nddc va nhd den kinh dd Hoa Ld eua
nddc Dai Cd Viet, nha Li sau nay da lly ten mdt sd dau,
chua d kinh dd Hoa Ld dat ten cho mdt sd khu vdc d
Thang Long thdi ly nhd: d Cau Den, phd Trang Tfen,
chua Mdt Cdt, ... Didu dd da dddc "Dai Nam nhit thdng
chi" ghi: "Do cil nhd Dinh, nhd Le... Igi co cdc danh
hieii: cau Dong, cdu Ren, cdu Mudng, Trdng Tien, chiia
Thdp, chua Nhdt Tru... nen cd vdn con. Khi Li Thdi To
(1) Dpc "Nui Due Thuy" cua La Dang Bat — NXB The gidi — Ha Ndi
— 1 9 9 8 . ' - J

i""

I

•

'

- .

'.-

.

-'•','.

••

19

LA DANG BAT

ddi do den Thdng Long deu diing theo cdc danh hieu
dy" (I)

.r'

'^- "^

,

A >L ' .ypn--

Sud't 42 nam tdn tai (968 — 1010) kinh dd Hoa
Ld chu yeu la dai ban doanh ciia hai vi vua kiem
tdng td lenh quan dpi: vua Dinh Tien Hoang va vua
Le Dai Hanh.

.OIL H-MI ;•

Cd Dd Hoa Ld sang mai vdi ten tudi Dinh Tien
Hoang va Le Dai Hanh. Dinh Tierk Hoang la ngddi cd
cdng md diu, ngddi khai pha va dat hen mdng cho
kinh dd Hoa Ld — dng td phuc hdng thd'ng nha't
qud'c gia. Le Dai Hanh la ngddi chien diu va bao ve
kinh dd Hoa Ld, eung cd nghia la bao ve hen ddc l^p
td chu cua da't nddc. Hai con ngddi dd da cd cudc ddi
kiet xuit, huy hoang sang chdi, nhd mdt sd bit diu,
mdt sd ke thda de khang dinh, td diim cho Cd Dd
Hoa Ld rdc sang mudn ddi, di vao Ijch sd nhd mdt
ban anh hung ca bit hu.
Chinh vi the, sad nay Bang nhan Vu Duy Thanh
(1807 — 1859), ngddi lang Kim Bdng, phii Yen
Khanh (nay la xa Khanh Hai, huyen Yen Khanh, tinh
Ninh Binh I da viet bai "Phu cd kinh danh thing" ca
ngdi Cd Dd Hoa Ld, trong dd ed doan:

(1) Tap 3 — NXB KHXH — Ha Ndi — 1971 — Trang 249.
20

CO DO HOA LLT

"Dinh do Trdng An; md hen Chinh Thong.
Mot Id tien the ton nghiem; hai Id tien dudng trieu cong.
Nui Md (Md Yen) nghin triing xa ngdt, thdnh ddp dd
. i...

cao,

Song Long (Hodng Long) mot ddi trong veo, hdo hdo
cung rong.
Ndo phd tia, ndo tdu son, ndo ddi ldn, ndo gdc phung,
Ndo trudng tap tran, ddnh giac nudc Chiem,
Ndo qudn tien nghi, tiep quan nhd Tdng.
Tren dudng tia trdm quan do hpi, ngua ngUa xe xe,
Dudi cd ddo mUdi dao nghiem binh, chieng chieng,
•>!.T>'f id

*^ .... .rAiri, ...••

i^o^S

trong

Xet trong dia dU; dUcfng buoi bdy gid,
Ben Tay niii ngdn nhu mdc; ben Dong bien long
nhu td.
Nam den Chau Hoan, Chdu Ai,
Bde gidp nudc Sd, nudc TU.
Cimg ddng chinh soc, cimg mdi xa thu
Ngdm cdu Nam de Nam cU, khdc hdn nhiing ddi
thdo mupi.
Xem tuang Bde Than, Bac Cuc, cdn ddu bdng xU
•

.. •

,

!.

.

Hoa

Lu.

at

LA DANG BAT

Phong cdnh tot thay, de nhdt Id day.

^ .> .»..%.

Phong Chdu khdn sdnh, Phong Khe ndo tdy.

'•\t

Xem nhu dia li hoa do, thay Tdu de kieu,
Rd duac thien nhien hinh thdng, tha too kheo bdy.
• •'>

f

•

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• - '

!_ '•--•>:

w

•'•<•-:

>?."••>-'

^i'Vt'-

Thd rang:
,„ Da trai bao nhieu cuoc be dau,
Khien nay con nhd chuyen cof lau.

,
,

Mot vung sao rang thanh guTcfm bau,
Nam sac may phong bo ao chau.
Cong ca liTu truyen trong tam coi,
Khi thieng phang phat difdri nghin thau.
Trang An mieu cu hiTofng nghi ngiit,
Sung bai ai ai cung cui dau".
•'•

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lO'--

22

--

.ua. ^,!iVv^. sr,*}"/.

CO DO HOA LU

DEN THO VUA DINH TBEN HOANG
Du khach den tham Cd dd Hoa Ld thudc xa Trddng
Yen, huyen Hoa Ld, thiy hai ngdi den ed kinh, trang
nghiem nim d khu vdc trung tam hda nhap vdi nui sdng
ngoan muc, dd la den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang va den
thd vua Le Dai Hanh.
Dinh Bd Linh la con dng Dinh Cdng Trd sinh ngay
rim thang bai nam Giap Than (924), que d thdn Kim
Ld, lang Dai Hdu, chau Dai Hoang (nay la thdn Van
Bdng, xa Gia Phddng, huyen Gia Viln, tinh Ninh Binh).
Dinh Cdng Trd la mdt tddng cua Dddng Dinh Nghe
(thdi Ngd Vddng 939 — 944), lam Thd sd Hoan Chau
(nay thudc Nghe An). Khi Dinh Cdng Trd mit, Dinh Bp
Linh eung me la Dam Thi (ngddi vd bai cda Dinh Cdng
Trd) bd Hoan Chau ve ddng Hoa Ld, nddng than vdi dng
chii rudt Dinh Dd.
Tai ddng Hoa Ld (khu Thung Lau - mdt thung lung
rdng khoang 16 mau nam trong day nui da vdi thudc xa
Gia Hdng, huyen Gia Viln), Dinh Bd Linh cung nhd bao
tre nhd khac trong lang que, di kiem cui. chan trau. Khi
di chan trau, Dinh Bd Linh dddc tdn lam ngddi ddng
dau va cung lu tre lay bdng lau lam ed tap tran. Ldn len,
dng td rd la ngddi mdu Iddc eao. cd chi ldn. nen da xay
ddng mdt ldc Iddng vu trang manh. dddc nhan dan
23

LA DANG BAT

trong vung theo phue rat ddng. Dinh Bd Linh danh
chiem cac vung xung quanh, uy the ngay cang ldn.
Nhdng mudn cd rapt ldc Iddng manh hdn nda, biet
Tran Lam (la mdt trong 12 sd quan) d Bd Hai Khiu (Vu
Tien, Thai Binh) ed tai thao lu'dc, dung cam, dde dp,
Dinh Bd Linh da de'n lien ket.
Tran Lam thiy Dinh Bd Linh la ngddi cd tai nang, hi
vpng se lam rang rd cho dat nddc, da nhan lam con nudi
va giao quyen binh cho dng cam quan.
u BLIV r>fi3
Sau khi Tran Lam mit. Dinh Bd Linh thay the chi
huy toan bd sd quan. Nhdng dng thiy vung Bd Hai Khau
- vung ddng bing. dia hinh bat ldi, nen quye't dinh bd
vung nay, rdi quan ve Hoa Ld - que hddng dng, cd nui
non trung diep, sdng nddc khue khuat, ed dia the thuan
ldi hdn.
Day eung la ndi rit thuan ldi ve giao thdng thiiy, bd,
cd ddng dddc ve quan sd. Hoa Ld cdn la vung dat mau
md, quan si ed thi vda chien diu vda san xuat de tao
ngudn Iddng thdc td tuc.
Ve Hoa Ld, sd quan cua Dinh Bd Linh cd dii ba dieu
kien: Thien thdi, dia ldi, nhan hda. dng da lan Iddt danh
bai cac sd quan khac. Den eudi nam 967, Dinh Bd Linh
da dep yen loan 12 sd quan, non sdng ve mdt mdi, dat
nddc trd lai thdng nhat.
Nam 968. Dinh Bd Linh len ngdi Hoang de gpi la
Dinh Tien Hoang. dat ten nddc la Dai Cd Viet. Neu vua
24

CO DO HOA LU

Hung - thu linh bd lac Van Lang, ddng ra thdng nhit
cac bd lac Lac Viet, ddng nen nddc Van Lang, md dau
lich sd ddng nddc cua Viet Nam, thi Dinh Tien Hoang la
ngddi cd cdng cung ed ddc lap va chu quyen dan tdc, xay
ddng qud'c gia phong kien thd'ng nhit dau tien trong Ijch
sii" dan tdc. Va eung la fan dau tien. dng da tdn xdng
danh hied '"De". d nddc ta, trddc dd da cd hai ngddi
xdng "De": Li Nam De (544 — 548). Mai Hie De (722),
den Dinh Tien Hoang xdng la "Dai Thing Minh Hoang
De", chinh la ngddi toan thing ve vang nhit. Dieu dd
cung cd y nghia khang dinh nddc ta cd hen ddc lap td
chii va Hoang de nddc Nam phai sanh ngang vdi cac
Hoang de phddng Bac. Vi the trong "Lich trieu hien
chddng loai chi", Phan Huy Chu (1782 — 1840) viet:

"Xet nudc ta tU thdi Hiing Vucfng mdi bdt dau thong
hieu vdi Trung Quoc, nhung danh hieu con nho, khong
duac du vdo hdng chu hdu trieu hpi... Rdi Trieu Dd kiem
tinh nhd Hdn phong Dd ldm Nam Viet Vucfng chi dupc
sdnh vdi chu hdu cua Trung Qudc, chua dUcfc neu Id mot
nudc... Den khi Dinh Tien Hodng binh dinh cdc sU
qudn, khoi.phuc md mang bd coi. bay gid sdch phong cila
Trung Qudc mdi nhan cho dung rieng Id mot nUdc". • i"''
Hai nam sau, nam 970, Dinh Tien Hoang bd nien hieu
cua cac Hoang de phong kien phddng Bic, td dat nien
hieu rieng la "Thai Binh". Day la Fan diu tien trong lich
sd hen phong kien tap quyen. mdt thu linh dia phddng
len ngdi vua da vdt bd nien bieu cua "Thien Trfeu",
25

LA DANG BAT

khang dinh thing ldi xu hddng thd'ng nhit qud'c gia,
thing ldi eiia tinh than dan tdc va y chi dde lap manh
me eda dan tdc ta thdi ly. Vao dem trung thu nam Ki
Mao, tdc la dem ngay 9 thang 9 nam 979 Dinh Tien
Hoang mat, d ngdi 12 nam, thp 56 tudi. Thdi gian tuy
ngan ngiii, nhdng Dinh Tien Hoang da la ngddi kiet
xuat cd cdng md dau hen phong kien tap quyen d nddc
ta, "tdi ndng, thdng minh han ngUdi, ddng luoc nhdt
ddi" (Dai Viet sii ki toan thd).
Dl tddng nhd cdng lao ciia vua Dinh Tien Hoang,
nhan dan Hoa Ld da xay ddng den thd dng cf lang
Trddng Yen Thddng, nen gpi la Den Thddng.
Den thd vua Dinh Ti&n Hoang d phia Nam den thd
vua Le Dai Hanh. Hai ngdi den deu dddc xay ddng td sau
...